[语法] 英语中的16大时态
英语中的16大时态

英语中的16大时态
英语的时态从时间上看，可分为"现在"、"过去"、"将来"和"过去将来"四大类，每一类又根据动作发生的方式可分为"一般"、"进行"、"完成"和"完成进行"四种情况，因此英语中共有十六种时态。以write为例，其构成形式如下：

一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 write writes am is are have has have has
过去 wrote was were had written had been writing
将来 shall will shall will shall will shall will
过去将来 should would should would should would should would




1 一般现在时与一般过去时（Simple present and simple past）

1.1 一般现在时
一般现在时由谓语动词原形构成，主语是第一、第二人称和第三人称复数时，动词用原形。当主语是第三人称单数时，须在动词原形的词尾加-s或-es。

一般现在时的主要用法如下：
a. 表示现在的特征或状态，例如：
--I major in computer science.
--George is a teacher.
--It all depends. (得看情况。)
b. 表示经常或习惯性动作，例如：
--I climb the mountain three times a week.
--It seldom snows here.
--They cycle to work everyday.
c. 表示公认事实或普遍真理，例如：
--Health is more important than wealth.

--Four plus three equals seven.
--Water freezes at 0℃.
d. 在时间和条件状语从句中代替将来时，例如：
--When he finishes middle school, he will go on his studies in college. We will have a football match if it is fine tomorrow.
--We will start as soon as you are ready.
e. 在口语中表示预先安排好将要发生的动作，但这只用于一些表示位置移动的动词，如come, go, leave, sail, arrive, return, depart以及象start, begin, end, stop, open, close和be 等词，例如：
--The delegation arrives here tomorrow.
--The plane takes off at 11 a.m..
--The evening party begins at 7:00 tonight.
--When does the exhibition close?
--I am in my office from three to six this afternoon.
f. 在口语中hear, learn, say, tell 等动词表示已发生的动作，而且这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位，例如：
--They say Miss Green will teach us English.
--Ken tells me the Wilsons are moving from No.12.
--Yes, you answer quite well.
g. 用于一些谚语、新闻标题、体育解说词、舞台指导说明或讲故事等，例如：
--Pride goes before a fall.（骄者必败。）
--AMERICAN PROFESSOR LEAVES BEIJING
--Moor passes to Charlton; Charlton shoots, it's a good goal.
--When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings.
--She picks it up and listens quietly.
--It is pitch-dark（漆黑的）that night. A cold wind is blowing from the north. Suddenly the door opens. A man bursts in with a baby in his arms.


1.2 一般过去时

一般过去时以谓语动词原形加-ed表示，不规则动词的过去式见不规则动词表。该时态的主要用法如下：
a. 表示确定的过去时间里发生的动作或情况，例如：
--Scissors (剪刀) cut paper, but I cut my finger this morning.
--Shanghai was once the "Paradise for Adventures".
--When did you meet him?
b. 表示过去的习惯动作，例如：
--Ken never smoked.
--He often went dancing before.
--He gave Mary exciting gifts every Christmas.

也可用used to和would来表达过去习惯的动作:
--Tom used to eat out (下馆子吃饭) every day, but now he can't afford it.
--He didn't use to make that mistake.
--When he was young, he would rise early and take a walk before breakfast.
c. 在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时，例如：
--I missed that exciting game, because mother said I couldn't watch TV before my homework was finished.
--Father promised to buy me a bike if he got a raise.
--The little boy would open the door if he heard anybody knock at the door.
d. 用于一些虚拟句，表示现在或将来臆想或非真实的情况，例如：
--I wish I had a better memory.
--It's five o'clock. It's time we went home.
--I'd rather you lived closer to us.
--If I knew his address, I would look him up.

2 现在完成时、现在完成进行时与过去完成时（Present perfect, present perfect progressive and past perfect）

2.1 现在完成时

现在完成时由have/has+过去分词组成，规则动词的过去分词与过去式同形，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。与现在完成时连用的时间状语主要有两类，一类是表示不确切的时间状语，如just， ever， never， yet， already， before等；另一类是表示包括现在在内的时间状语，如these days， since…，for a long time， this year， so far， up till now 等。

该时态的主要用法如下：
a. 用来表示从过去到现在这段时间里已完成且对现在有影响的动作，例如：
--John has been to Beijing.（说明他现在已经返回）
--John has gone to Beijing.（说明他现在不在此地）
--I have seen the film many times.（说明对电影内容很熟悉）
b. 表示从过去延续到现在的动作或状态，例如：
--How many pages have you covered today?
--It has rained a great deal since you left.
--She has been ill for three days.
c. 在时间和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时，例如：
--The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.
--I will give my opinion when I have read the book through.
--He will say sorry to you if he has realized his own mistake.
d. 用于This is the first time…结构中
--This is the first time I have eaten Pizza.
--This is the first time they have seen a panda.
--It is the first time John has played golf.
e. 另外，关于现在完成时还有以下几个值得注意的问题：
1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
在单纯谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时；若谈一件已经发生的事情，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，则多用现在完成时。
--Did you get up very early? (强调动作本身)
--Has he got up? （强调现在的情况）
--What did you have for lunch? （只是想知道所吃事物而已）
--Have you had lunch? （所关注的问题是现在肚子饿不饿）
--My sister studied English for two years.（只说明过去学过英语，可能现在已经忘了。）
--My sister has studied English for two years.（说明现在懂英语）
2） 瞬间动词不能用带有表示一段时间的状语的现在完成时，例如下面几句均正确：
--Her granny has died.
--Her granny died a year ago.
--Her granny has been dead for a year.
但不能说：
--Her granny has died for a year.
3） It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时或现在完成时"结构举例如下：

--It is three years since I (last) saw Bill.
--It is three years since I have seen Bill.
也可用其他两种形式来表达：
--I last saw Bill three years ago.
--I haven't seen Bill for three years.

2.2 现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由"has/have been + 现在分词"构成。主要用法如下：
a. 表示现在以前一直在进行的一个动作，这个动作可能已经停止,也可能还在进行，例如：
--How long has it been raining?
--She has been teaching in the elementary school since 1990.
--How have you been getting on with your work?
b. 表示延续到现在并经常重复的动作，如：
--Jim is annoyed. Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for a week.
--All the years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
--We have been seeing quite a lot each other recently.
c. 用于得出结论：
--Her eyes are red. It is obvious she has been crying.
--You look thin and tired. You have been working too hard.

2.3 过去完成时

过去完成时由"had + 过去分词"构成，其主要用法如下：
a. 表示过去某时刻以前发生或完成的动作或状态，即"过去的过去"这一概念，例如：
--By dusk tear gas had spread through the south campus.
--When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
--By the end of last October, they had fulfilled their production plan for the whole year.
b. 表示某一时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作和状态，例如：
--She had studied English for five years before she came to the college.
--He had lived with his grandmother before she died.
--I received a letter from a friend yesterday. We had not heard from each other since 1990.
c. 在宾语从句中，当主句为一般过去时而从句中的动作发生在先时，从句常用过去完成时，常用于间接引语的情况，例如：
--Jane said that she had visited that science museum.
--He told us that John had broken his arm while riding a motorcycle.
--He said that when I'd worked for a year I'd get a rise.
d. 用于过去时间的虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，例如：
--We would have enjoyed our spring outing if it had not rained.
--If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
--If he had tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier.
e. 在动词wish和if only后的从句中，用于对未曾实现的愿望表示遗憾，例如：
--I wished he had known the address.（相当于I was sorry he didn't know the address.）
--He wished he had lived nearer his work.（相当于He was sorry that he didn't live nearer his work.）
--If only she had asked someone's advice.（相当于I was sorry that she didn't ask someone's advice.）
f. expect, hope, wish, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want 等动词用过去完成时表示过去的希望或计划等没有实现，例如：
--He had hoped to come and help, but he was sick.
--They had intended to visit you, but their car broke down.
--The boss had wanted to donate some money to the school, but he went bankrupt over a night.
g. 与before连用表示"还没……就"，例如：
--She wept before I had realized what was happening.
--They set out before I had told them the address.
--He closed the door before the telephone had rung.

h. 还可用于"it was the first time"、"no sooner……than"或"hardly……when"结构中，例如：
--It was the first time they had tried foreign food.
--I had no sooner returned than he called.
--We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.

3 进行时(Progressive)

进行时态分为现在进行时(present progressive)、过去进行时(past progressive)与将来进行时(future progressive)。

3.1 现在进行时

现在进行时由"am/is/are+动词现在分词"构成，其主要用法为：
a. 表示在某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：
--A large audience is listening to the lecturer carefully.
--What's the baby doing?
--He's tearing up a ￡ note.
--My neighbor is refurnishing（重新装修）his rooms now.
b. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行，例如：
--He is taking a part-time job in the library.
--Some teachers in our department are learning how to program these days.
--I am reading a play by Bernard Shaw this month.
c. 表示计划中即将发生的将来动作，例如：
--My uncle is visiting us soon..
--Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon?
--Yes, I'm playing tennis with Ann.
--I'm meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the theatre.
d. 与副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示经常或反复发生的动作，往往带有赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，例如：
--Why are you always leaving things behind?
--He is always forgetting people's names.
--She is always complaining.
--He was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.
--The little boy is forever asking questions.

3.2 过去进行时

过去进行时由"was/were+动词现在分词"构成。其主要用法为：
a. 表示过去某时刻或某段时期正在进行的动作，例如：
--Between eight and ten I was studying in the library.
--When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone.
--The mother was preparing dinner when the son came home.
b. 不与时间状语连用，表示逐渐的发展，例如：
--It was getting darker.
--The wind was rising.
--A wood fire was burning.
c. 表示过去对将来的安排，例如：
--He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night.
--They were playing tennis from 3:00 to 4:00 that afternoon, so they booked .
--What were you doing at eight o'clock?
d. 与某些副词连用表示某事在过去经常发生，而且带有惊奇或不满等感情色彩，例如：
--My father was forever losing keys.
--He was always ringing me up.
--My grandmother was forever forgetting people's names.
e. 用在间接引语中，表示相当于现在进行的动作，例如：
--He said he was living in London.
--I told them I was washing the car.
--They said that they were playing cards.

3.3 将来进行时

将来进行时由"be的将来时形式+动词的现在分词"构成。表示将来某时刻或某段时期正在进行的动作，例如：
--They will be waiting for you at the school gate from ten to eleven tomorrow morning.
--Won't he be working?
--When shall we be meeting again?
--Shall I be disturbing you if I do my typing here?
--Be sure to come. We'll be expecting you.

4 将来时(Future)

4.1 将来时间表达方法(Means of expressing future time)

现代英语表示将来时间的主要语法手段有以下五种：
a. will/shall + 动词原形（主语是第一人称时，可用shall。）例如：
--The phone is ringing.
-I'll answer it.
--You will come back, won't you?
--I shall do everything to help you.
b. be going to + 动词原形，表示对将来行动的打算、意图或者即将发生或肯定要发生的事情，侧重于计划好、考虑过的将来动作，例如：
--Is he going to lecture in English?
--I'm going to explore the neighborhood.
--I think it is going to snow.
--There's going to be a lot of trouble about this.
c. be + -ing，表示对最近将来某确定时间的安排，侧重于"肯定的安排"，通常不可更改的将来动作，例如：
--I am taking an exam in October.
--The neighbors are coming in to watch television.
--How are you going? -by boat or by train?
d. be to + 动词原形，表示按日程、计划、安排将要发生的动作，例如：
--Tom's birthday party is to be held next Saturday.
--I am to meet my parents at the airport this afternoon.
--The line is to be opened to traffic on May Day.
但非人们主观所能安排和控制的将来动作不能用be to 结构。例如：It's going to rain. 不能说：It's to rain.
e. 一般现在时在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中表示将来动作。一般现在时也可以表示按时间表将要发生的动作，但一般适用于动态动词，如：go, come, arrive, leave, sail, return, begin, start, end, open, close等表示位置移动或起始的动词，例如：
--We will start as soon as you are ready.
--If you leave at six tomorrow morning you'd better go to bed now.
--I leave tonight.
--The film begins at 8:00.
--We get off at the next stop.

4.2 过去将来时(Future in the past)

过去将来时由would加动词原形构成，主语是第一人称时可用should代替would。例如：
--He said he would raise the question at the meeting.
--He didn't expect that we should all be there.
--The peasant were sure that they would have another bumper harvest(丰收) that year.
与一般将来时相对应，过去将来时也可用其他形式表示。该时态主要表示从过去某一时间点看将来发生的事情。例如：
--Her daughter was going to a summer camp tomorrow.
--Four of them were coming for Sunday lunch.
--As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Thursday evening.
--The meeting was to be held the following week.
--He was about to raise his voice at me but stopped himself.

4.3 将来完成时(Future perfect)

将来完成时由"will/shall + have + 动词的过去分词"构成，主语为第一人称时will可换成shall。该时态表示在将来的一个特定时刻将成为过去的动作或该时刻刚刚结束的动作。例如：
--I save ￡0 a month and I started in January. So by the end of the year
--I will/shall have saved ￡600.
--I shall have finished this one before lunch.
--I hope we'll have got the instructions (说明书) ready before you come tomorrow.
--By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years