非谓语动词精讲（一）

非谓语动词精讲（一）
一 . 分词作定语
1. 现在分词短语作定语
（ 1 ）表示正在进行的动作（相当于一个进行时态的定语从句）。如：
The man standing （ = who is standing ） at the door is our new maths teacher.
（ 2 ）表示经常性的动作或现在的状态，相当于一个一般时态的定语从句。如：
They visited the museum lying （ = which lies ） nearby.
2. 过去分词短语作定语
（ 1 ）表示过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。如：
Is this the book written by the young man? （ written = which was written, was 表过去， is 表现在）
（ 2 ）没有一定的时间性。如：
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
一切时间用铅笔写的。
二 . 分词作状语
分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句子中的谓语动词，其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号隔开。放在句首的分词短语常常表示时间、原因、条件；放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。
1. 现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。
（ 1 ）作时间状语，相当于 when 等引起的从句。如：
Seeing those pictures （ = When he saw those pictures ） , he couldn't help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown. （ seeing 的逻辑主语是 he ）
Having done their homework （ = After they had done their homework ） , they went swimming in the lake. （ having done 的逻辑主语是 they ）
（ 2 ）作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。如：
Being so poor （ = As they were so poor …） in those days, they couldn't afford to send their children to school. （ being 的逻辑主语是 they ）
Not having received （ = As she hadn't received ） an answer, she wrote another letter to her parents. （ not having received 的逻辑主语是 she ）
2. 过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。如：
Seen from the hill （ = When it is seen from the hill ） , our town looks like a beautiful garden. （ seen 的逻辑主语是 our town ）
Born into a poor family （ = As he was born in a poor family ） , he got only two years of school education. （ born 的逻辑主语是 he ）
三 . 分词作宾语补足语
1. “ see / hear / watch / notice / smell / feel / observe / listen to / look at + 宾语 + 现在分词”。如：
We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just learned.
At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
2. “ catch / find + 宾语 + 现在分词”。如：
I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
We found a tree lying across the road.
3. “ have / get / keep / leave + 宾语 + 现在分词”。如：
I'll have the car waiting at the gate.
Do you think you can get the radio working?
4. “ have + 宾语 + 过去分词”，其中 have 有三种不同的含义：
（ 1 ）表示“使……被完成”， have 常可用 get 代替。如：
I'd like to have （ get ） my radio repaired.
（ 2 ）表示“遭受；经历”，此时 have 不能用 get 代替。如：
He had his watch stolen yesterday.
（ 3 ）表示“有”。如：
He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
5. “ make + oneself + known / understood / heard 等过去分词”。如：
He repeated his explanations, but he couldn't make himself understood.
6. “ with + 介词宾语 + 现在分词或过去分词”。如：
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall, we get more and more shade.
7. “ like / want / wish / order + 宾语 + 过去分词”。如：
He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
8. “ find / think / feel 等动词 + 宾语 + changed / lost / gone / broken / come 等过去分词”，强调宾语所处的状态而非强调一个被动的动作。如：
We found him greatly changed.
When they entered the hall, they found the guests gone.
四 . 现在分词的完成式
其形式为： having done （主动形式）， having been done （被动形式）。
现在分词的完成式通常用在状语中（一般不作定语），它所表示的动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前。如：
Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
五 . 现在分词的被动式
其形式为： being done （一般式）， having been done （完成式）。
在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是此刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。如：
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our lab.
You will find the news being talked about everywhere.
六 . 容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：
（ 1 ）一部分表示“情感；心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的；具有……性质的”的意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如：
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
（ 2 ）它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思，用来指人的感觉或所处的状态，因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如：
He was too excited to fall asleep.
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有： encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
七 . 不定式与动名词作主语时的比较
不定式和动名词在作主语时常常可以互换。如：
Crying / To cry will not help you out of difficulty.
但是要注意以下几点：
1. 动名词作主语通常表示抽象的动作，而不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作。试比较：
Living in Beijing must be wonderful. （泛指行为）
He realized that to live with her any longer was wrong. （具体行为）
2. 当主语被否定时，通常用不定式。如：
Not to have hope is the poorest of all conditions.
3. 在 It is important / necessary …的结构中，主语只能用不定式，不用动名词。如：

It's necessary to tell him to make a quick decision.
4. 在“ It takes + 时间等”结构中，主语常用不定式。如：
It won't take you so long to wait here, just be patient, please.
5. 在“ There is no …”和“ It is no good …”结构中，通常用动名词。如：
It is no good staying up too late every day.
八 . 不定式与动名词作表语时的比较
不定式和动名词在作表语时常常可以互换。
His job is bringing / to bring milk every day.
但是，当不定式作主语时，表语用不定式；动名词作主语时，表语也用动名词。如：
To see is to believe.